She suggested that sustained periods of living in such a cycle may lead victim to learned helplessness. Walker (1970, 1984, 1999) developed, on the basis of social cycle theory and Seligman’s phenomenon of learned helplessness, the theory of cyclic abuse with a hypothesis that abusive relationships, once established, are characterized by a predictable repetitious pattern of abuse. 4Ī common pattern of domestic abuse, especially this between intimate partners, is that the perpetrator alternates between violent, abusive and apologetic behavior with apparently heartfelt promises to change and that the abuser could very pleasant most of the time. note that about 5.6 per cent of older couples reported physical violence in their relationship in the past year and that for vulnerable elders (dependent on a carer, disabled) rates were much higher, with nearly 25 per cent reporting significant abuse. 2 It could occur in all social strata, but there is some evidence of population disparities, across socio-economic and ethnic groups, and particular a higher prevalence for learning-disabled people. Another period that is especially dangerous for women is at the ending of relationship because their partners become threatened by a clear indication of a change or loss in the relationship. 4 Same risk period for the outbreak of violence against women in intimate partner relationship was also found in research of Jasinski and Kantor. 8 Woman’s pregnancy is high-risk period for the initiation and escalation of intimate partnership violence, and is leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK, USA and Australia. 7 For those aged from 18 to 59 around one in four women and one in eight men reported experiencing partner abuse in year 2008 to 2009. 2 Four million women each year are assaulted by a domestic partner. 4 Some estimates suggest that as many as one-third of all women are victims of domestic violence during their lifetime. 6 Worldwide, 10-50 per cent of women report having been hit or physically assaulted by an intimate partner at some time in their lives. 5 Straus and Gelles, using the National Family Violence Survey found that the injury rate for women was 6 times higher than for men. 2 Although both men and women initiate violence, the violence enforced by women is less frequently and has less severe consequences compared to male offenders. The extent and nature of domestic violence and abuseĪs domestic violence cases increasingly enter the court system, and consequences of aggressive accidents threaten the functioning, well-being and health of victims, in family or outside systems, it is important to describe extent and nature of this phenomenon. Author also exposes that when the physical, sexual and psychological abuse that usually, although not exclusively, is directed against women partners, it is talk in term of domestic violence and abuse, while in the same case when it is directed against children the term child abuse is used much more than domestic violence. The original terms in USA studies to identify domestic violence include wife abuse, woman abuse, battered women, and partner abuse.
Walker notes that term violence and abuse was found to be used differently. 3 But although domestic violence can take place in any intimate relationship, the great majority of it is perpetrated by men against women and makes because of its frequency and severity a much larger problem in public health terms. They said that intimate partnership abuse can be found in all relationships, both same-sex and heterosexual.
It could be violence between parents and children, adult children and elderly parents, or we could meet it between siblings. Domestic violence could include violence between a husband and a wife, a girlfriend and boyfriend, or gay or lesbian partners. Huss defined the nature of domestic violence as any action of violence perpetrated within the context of significant interpersonal relationship. Walker points that when one form of family violence appears, we can expect all others, including various aggressive acts outside the family, in community.
It can either results or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, psychological harm, mal-development, or even a death. The APA Task Force on Violence and the Family defined domestic violence as pattern of abusive behaviors including a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment used by one person in an intimate relationship against another to gain power unfairly or maintain that person’s misuse of power, control, and authority.
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